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This essay is republished ten years later because, on the one hand, the current geopolitical situation has radically changed compared to then. The Caucasus represents a decisive political and social link between Western societies and Asia, as well as the historical link between Christianity and Islam, today even more than ten years ago. On the other hand, over the last two decades, particularly in the last ten years, scholars have been paying increasingly more attention to the history of the Mongols. Research and publications have multiplied in Europe, the United States, Russia and all those countries having direct or indirect relationships with the empire created by Genghis Khan. Many works published in past years had been confined to the local dimension, because they were written in hard-to-access languages, from Hungarian to Persian, from Russian to Chinese. However, since the beginning of the 2010s, there have been intense translation works of the sources into English, as well as a significant research activity, whose results are often being published in English, therefore becoming accessible to the international scientific community.

Nomads. --- Caucasus.

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Questo saggio viene ripubblicato a distanza di dieci anni perché da un lato la situazione geopolitica attuale è radicalmente cambiata rispetto ad allora. Il Caucaso, oggi ancor più di dieci anni fa, rappresenta uno snodo politico e sociale decisivo fra l'Occidente e l'Asia oltreché il legame storico fra la cristianità e l'islam. Dall'altro lato si registra, negli ultimi due decenni, e nell'ultimo in particolare, una crescente attenzione da parte degli studiosi alla storia dei Mongoli. Le ricerche e le pubblicazioni si sono moltiplicate in Europa, negli Stati Uniti, in Russia e in tutti quei paesi che ebbero a che fare direttamente o indirettamente con l'impero creato da Gengis Khan. Molti lavori, pubblicati negli anni passati, erano rimasti relegati alla dimensione locale poiché scritti in lingue difficilmente accessibili, dall'ungherese al persiano, dal russo al cinese. Tuttavia, dall'inizio degli anni Dieci di questo secolo, si sta assistendo a un poderoso lavoro di traduzione in lingua inglese delle fonti e a un'intensa attività di ricerca i cui risultati sono sempre più spesso pubblicati in inglese e quindi accessibili alla comunità scientifica internazionale.

Mongols --- Nomads --- Nomads --- History. --- History. --- History.

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During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the expanding Russian empire was embroiled in a dramatic confrontation with the nomadic people known as the Kalmyks who had moved westward from Inner Asia onto the vast Caspian and Volga steppes. Drawing on an unparalleled body of Russian and Turkish sources-including chronicles, epics, travelogues, and previously unstudied Ottoman archival materials-Michael Khodarkovsky offers a fresh interpretation of this long and destructive conflict, which ended with the unruly frontier becoming another province of the Russian empire.Khodarkovsky first sketches a cultural anthropology of the Kalmyk tribes, focusing on the assumptions they brought to the interactions with one another and with the sedentary cultures they encountered. In light of this portrait of Kalmyk culture and internal politics, Khodarkovsky rereads from the Kalmyk point of view the Russian history of disputes between the two peoples. Whenever possible, he compares Ottoman accounts of these events with the Russian sources on which earlier interpretations have been based. Khodarkovsky's analysis deepens our understanding of the history of Russian expansion and establishes a new paradigm for future study of the interaction between the Russians and the non-Russian peoples of Central Asia and Transcaucasia.

Nomads --- Kalmyks --- History. --- History

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"The nomads of Central Asia were well accustomed to life under the power of a distant capital when the Bolsheviks fomented revolution on the streets of Petrograd. Yet after the fall of the Tsar, the nature, ambition and potency of that power would change dramatically, ultimately resulting in the near eradication of Central Asian nomadism. Based on extensive primary source work in Almaty, Bishkek and Moscow, Nomads and Soviet Rule charts the development of this volatile and brutal relationship and challenges the often repeated view that events followed a linear path of gradually escalating violence. Rather than the sedentarisation campaign being an inevitability born of deep-rooted Marxist hatred of the nomadic lifestyle, Thomas demonstrates the Soviet state's treatment of nomads to be far more complex and pragmatic. He shows how Soviet policy was informed by both an anti-colonial spirit and an imperialist impulse, by nationalism as well as communism, and above all by a lethal self-confidence in the Communist Party's ability to transform the lives of nomads and harness the agricultural potential of their landscape. This is the first book to look closely at the period between the revolution and the collectivisation drive, and offers fresh insight into a little-known aspect of early Soviet history. In doing so, the book offers a path to refining conceptions of the broader history and dynamics of the Soviet project in this key period"--Back cover.

Nomads --- History --- Soviet Union --- Politics and government

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"Rurality Re-imagined is divided into four loosely themed sections: Villagers, Farmers, Wanderers, and Wild Things with each comprised of five or six diverse chapters. In the section on Villagers, rural communities are considered as assemblages and spaces of vernacularity, as dark settings for TV dramas, new wave photography, and as sites for community arts projects. The Farmer's section critically re-invigorates the historical fascination with peasantry and farming in the arts through essays, painting, and photography that collectively place the agency of the artist under as much scrutiny as images of agricultural space and people. Stereotypically, the word 'Wanderers' conjures images of gypsy caravans, or country ramblers, but Rurality Re-imagined stretches the label to include not only the traditional migrations of reindeer herds, but also that of the motorway driver, and migrations of cultural forms as well, such as the hip hop clubs of New York to the fields of rural Devon. In the essays and images about Wild Things, wilderness emerges as a highly contested cultural terrain far from any state of purity as it manifests itself in the behaviour of people, flora, and fauna in cultivated and uncultivated landscapes and parks."--

Country life in art --- Rural conditions in art --- Farm life in art --- Nomads in art --- Vernacular architecture --- Artists and community